Hypothesis Definition (Science)

A hypothesis is an explanation that is proposed for a phenomenon. Formulating a hypothesis is a step of the scientific method. Alternate Spellings: plural: hypotheses Examples: Upon observing that a lake appears blue under a blue sky, you might propose the hypothesis that the lake is blue because it is reflecting the sky. One alternate hypothesis would be that the lake is blue because water is blue. Hypothesis Versus Theory Although in common usage the terms hypothesis and theory are used interchangeably, the two words mean something different from each other in science. Like a hypothesis, a theory is testable and may be used to make predictions. However, a theory has been tested using the scientific method many times. Testing a hypothesis may, over time, lead to the formulation of a theory.

Financial Statement Fraud A Perfect Fraud Storm

Financial statement fraud is something that has become more commonplace than it should be. Many different events will often lead up to a rash of companies participating in financial statement fraud. Between the year 2000 and 2002 there were a number of factors that led to what appeared to be a perfect fraud storm according to our text (Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, Zimbelman, 2012). Nine of those will be looked at here. It will also be discussed as to what some of the common ways financial statement fraud is concealed while looking at some of the common motivations for such fraud. With this, a look at ways of financial statement fraud exposures can be identified along with who usually will commit this type of fraud. Below is a list†¦show more content†¦This happened all too often because compensation for executives and many others in companies were tied to the stock price of the company to closely. It made it ripe for financial statement fraud to take place. The backdating of stock options became commonplace for executives to cash in in a fraudulent matter. The cause of this can also be viewed to go hand-in-hand with high analysts’ expectations for a given company. It was easy to see in hindsight, that analyst sometimes drove the direction of what earnings would actually be for a company. The fraud in many companies was tailored to the expectations that was listed on the street for the company. Moreover, for too many cases the expectations set by analysts were unrealistic and in no way sustainable by the company. (Albrecht et al., 2012, p. 361-362). The pressures of high levels of debt fueled the fraud storm that much more. Covenants and loans that have been obtained were at risk of being violated if earnings did not the companies were carrying. Earnings were essential to offset the high cost of interest that is being made the loans that were made to the company. In the year, 2002 there was 368 billion and in debt filed for bankruptcy in the United States. During this period WorldCom had the largest bankruptcy in history over 100 billion in debt by itself (Albrecht et al., 2012, p. 362). There was too much focus on accounting rulesShow MoreRelatedFraud : The Perfect Fraud Storm1420 Words   |  6 PagesFinancial Statement Fraud Option #2 The perfect fraud storm occurred between the years 2000 and 2002 involving two of the largest energy and telecom corporations in the United States: Enron and WorldCom. It was determined that both organizations fraudulently overstated assets, created assets from expenses or overstated revenues, costing investors billions of dollars and resulting in both organizations declaring bankruptcy (Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht Zimbelman, 2012). 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Insects Essay Summary Example For Students

Insects Essay Summary Insects are neumerout invertebrate animals that belong in the Phylum Arthropodaand Class Insecta. The class Insecta is divided into 2 subclasses: Apterygota,or wingless insects, and Pterygota, or winged insects. Subclass Pterygota isfuther divided on basis of metamorphosis. Insects that have undergone incompletemetamorphosis are the Exopterygota. Insects that undergo complete metamorphosisare the Endopterygota. Insects have an outer bilateral exoskeleton to which the muscles are attachedto and provides protection for internal organs. The body is divided into 3 mainparts which are the head, which include mouthparts, eyes, and antennae; thorax,which operate the jointed legs and /or wings; and abdomen, which has organs fordigested food, reproducing, and getting rid of waste products. The major systems in insects are the circulatory, respiratory, nervous,muscular, digestive, and reproductive systems. In the circulatory system, bloodis pumped by the heart in a tube to the aorta, the head, and to other organsthen enters the ostia openings along the sides of the tube back to the heart. The respiratory systems carries O2 to cells and takes away CO2 from cellsthrough branching out to call cells of body. The nervous system consists of abrain receiving information from eyes, antennae, and controls the whole body and2 nerve cords containing ganglia fused together to control activities of thesegment without the help of the brain. insect muscular system is made up of afew thousand samll but string muscles allowing the insect to carry objectsheavier than it. The digestive system is basically a long tube where food entersthe mouth to the crop where it is stored, gizzard where it is grinded, stomachwhere it is digested, then the undigested parts and wastes are moved to theintestine, colon then released at the anus. And in the reproductive system, anew individual is produced sexually when the female eggs produced in the ovariesunited with male sperm produced in the testes. Both man and insect live almost everywhere, eat all kinds of food, and use allkinds of materials to build homes so they constantly live in conflict. Someinsects seriously affect mans health and are parasitic on man and other animals. insects that feed on human or animal blood can carry disease in their salivaryjuices and spread the disease to other animals. Many insects irritate us withoutdisturbing our health. Some bite and sting, and some people are allergic to themand some insects are injurious to our agricultural crops, food products,clothing, and wooden buildings. So far man has only partial success in defendingagainst insects. But some insects species are beneficial to man. The honey bee,for example, supplies us with honey and the silkworm supplies us with silk. Sobugs really arent that bad. Category: Science